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April 29, 2024
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  Facts About TBI
          Key points
            * A TBI affects how the brain works.
            * TBI is a major cause of death and disability.
            * TBIs may be missed in older adults.
            * A TBI may lead to short- or long-term health problems.
            * A TBI during childhood may affect brain development.
        What it is
        A TBI affects how the brain works
          Doctor examines a brain using modern technology.
        A traumatic brain injury, or TBI, is an injury that affects how the brain works. It may be caused by a:
          * Bump, blow, or jolt to the head, or
          * Penetrating injury (such as from a gunshot) to the head
        There are three main types of TBI:
          * Mild TBI or concussion
          * Moderate TBI
          * Severe TBI
        TBI is a major cause of death and disability
        There were over 69,000 TBI-related deaths in the United States in 2021.1 That's about 190 TBI-related deaths every day.
        TBIs affect the lives of people of all ages. Anyone can experience a TBI, but data suggest that some groups are at greater risk of dying from a TBI or experiencing long-term health problems after the injury.2 Examples of groups who are more likely to be affected by TBI, include:
          * Racial and ethnic minorities3
          * Service members and veterans4
          * People who experience homelessness5
          * People who are in correctional and detention facilities6
          * Survivors of intimate partner violence7
          * People living in rural areas8
        Learn more about health disparities and TBI.
        How TBIs happen
        People most commonly get TBIs from a fall, firearm-related injury, motor vehicle crash, or an assault.
        Research shows that:
          * Falls lead to nearly half of the TBI-related hospitalizations.9
          * Firearm-related suicide is the most common cause of TBI-related deaths in the United States.310
          * Motor vehicle crashes and assaults are other common ways a person may get a TBI.9
        For more detailed information on the leading ways people get TBIs and the groups of people most likely to get a TBI, check out CDC's TBI data reports.
        Populations
        TBIs may be missed in older adults
        Older adults are more likely to be hospitalized and die from a TBI compared to all other age groups.9 Still, TBIs may be missed or misdiagnosed in older adults because symptoms of TBI overlap with other medical conditions that are more common among older adults, such as dementia.
        Healthcare providers should check for signs and symptoms of TBI if an older adult has:
          * Fallen or has a fall-related injury, such as a hip fracture.
          * Been in a car crash.
        This is especially important among older adults who are taking blood thinners,11 such as:
          * Anticoagulants like warfarin (Coumadin), rivaroxaban (Xarelto), and apixaban (Eliquis).
          * Antiplatelet medications like clopidogrel (Plavix), ticagrelor (Brilinta), and acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin).
        These medicines may increase the risk for bleeding in the brain following a TBI.11 Bleeding in the brain after a TBI may put a person at risk for more severe injury or death.
        Potential effects of TBIs
        A TBI may lead to short- or long-term health problems
        Depending on the severity of the injury, those who get a TBI may face health problems that last a few days or the rest of their lives. For example, a person with a mild TBI or concussion may experience short-term symptoms and feel better within a couple of weeks or months. And a person with a moderate or severe TBI may have long-term or life-long effects from the injury.
        A person with a possible TBI should be seen by a healthcare provider. Your healthcare provider may have treatment to help speed your recovery.
          * Most people with a mild TBI or concussion can recover safely at home following a medical check-up.
          * People with a moderate or severe TBI may need ongoing care, such as rehabilitation services, to help with their recovery.
        A TBI during childhood may affect brain development
        TBI affects children differently than adults. An injury of any severity to the developing brain may:
          * Disrupt a child's development.
          * Limit their ability to participate in school and other activities, like sports.
        As a result of a TBI, children may experience changes in their health, thinking, and behavior that affect learning, self-regulation, and social participation, all of which are important to becoming a productive adult.12
        CDC's Report to Congress on the management of traumatic brain injury in children details the potential effects of a TBI on children and their families.12
        On This Page
            * What it is
            * How TBIs happen
            * Populations
            * Potential effects of TBIs
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    TBI in the Workplace
  April 29, 2024
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          Content Source:
        National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
        References
         1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics: Mortality data on CDC WONDER. Available at: https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html.
         2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Health disparities and TBI. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/traumatic-brain-injury/health-equity/index.html.
         3. Daugherty J, Waltzman D, Sarmiento K, Xu L. Traumatic brain injury–related deaths by race/ethnicity, sex, intent, and mechanism of injury — United States, 2000–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(46):1050-1056.
         4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense, and Veterans Administration. Report to Congress on traumatic brain injury in the United States: Understanding the public health problem among current and former military personnel. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2013.
         5. Stubbs J, Thornton A, Sevick J, et al. Traumatic brain injury in homeless and marginally housed individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(1):e19-e32.
         6. Durand E, Chevignard M, Ruet A, Dereix A, Jourdan C, Pradat-Diehl P. History of traumatic brain injury in prison populations: A systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil. 2017;60(2):95-101
         7. St Ivany A, Schminkey D. Intimate Partner Violence and Traumatic Brain Injury: State of the Science and Next Steps. Fam Community Health. 2016;39(2):129-37.
         8. Chapital A. Traumatic brain injury: outcomes of a rural versus urban population over a 5-year period. Hawaii Med J. 2007 Dec;66(12):318-21.
         9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
        10. Miller GF, Kegler SR, Stone DM. Traumatic brain injury–related deaths from firearm suicide: United States, 2008–2017. 2020(0):e1-e3.
        11. Maegele M, Schöchl H, Menovsky T, Maréchal H, Marklund N, Buki A, Stanworth S. Coagulopathy and haemorrhagic progression in traumatic brain injury: advances in mechanisms, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Aug;16(8):630-647.
        12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Report to Congress on the management of traumatic brain injury in children. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018.
        Sources
          * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Report to Congress on traumatic brain injury in the United States: Epidemiology and rehabilitation. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2015.
          * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Report to Congress on mild traumatic brain injury in the United States: Steps to prevent a serious public health problem. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003.
      Related PagesTBI in the Workplace
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        * TBI in the Workplace
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      View All Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion
  Back to Top
    Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion
    A traumatic brain injury, or TBI, is an injury that affects how the brain works. TBI is a major cause of death and disability in the United States.
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          * About Mild TBI and Concussion
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          * View all
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            * Mild TBI Management Guideline
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