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        Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
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    Clinician Brief Infection Control Guidance View All
April 12, 2024
  Clinical Overview of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthcare Settings
          At a glance
            * MRSA can cause severe problems in healthcare facilities.
            * MRSA can be resistant to several antibiotics.
            * MRSA prevention efforts can reduce infections.
        Overview
        CDC considers methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) a "serious threat."1 In healthcare facilities, such as hospitals or nursing homes, MRSA can cause severe problems including:
          * Bloodstream infections
          * Pneumonia
          * Surgical site infections
          * Sepsis
          * Death
        CDC encourages clinicians to consider MRSA in the diagnosis of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) compatible with S. aureus infections, especially those that are purulent (e.g., fluctuant or palpable fluid-filled cavity, yellow or white center, central point or "head," draining pus, or possible to aspirate pus with needle or syringe).
        Risk factors
        People are at higher risk for MRSA infection when they:
          * Have surgery.
          * Have medical devices inserted in their body.
          * Use needles to inject drugs.
        How it spreads
        In healthcare settings, MRSA usually spreads through direct contact with an infected wound or from contaminated hands. People who carry MRSA but do not have signs of infection (i.e., people who are colonized) can spread the bacteria to others.
        How common it is
        Studies show that about one in three people (33%) carry S. aureus bacteria in their nose (the main site of colonization), usually without any illness. About two in every 100 people (2%) carry MRSA, although this may be higher in certain populations. Although many people carry MRSA bacteria in their nose, most do not develop serious MRSA infections.
        Skin infections caused by MRSA are common in the general community.
          Resource‎
              Information about MRSA rates in U.S. hospitals is available through the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN).
        Clinical features
        Most S. aureus skin infections, including MRSA, appear as a bump or infected area on the skin that might be:
          * Red.
          * Swollen.
          * Painful.
          * Warm to the touch.
          * Full of pus or other drainage.
          * Accompanied by a fever.
        A patient presenting with a "spider bite" should raise suspicion of an S. aureus infection, including MRSA.
        SSTIs, carbuncles and abscesses are the most reported clinical manifestations.
        The role of MRSA in cellulitis without abscess or purulent drainage is less clear since cultures are rarely obtained.
        Prevention
        Numerous studies show that MRSA prevention efforts can reduce infections.
        Successful MRSA prevention requires action at the healthcare facility level, among both healthcare providers and leadership. See CDC's strategies to prevent S. aureus in acute care facilities and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)/Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) Practice Recommendation.
          Keep Reading: Infection Control Guidance: Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthcare Facilities
        Testing
        Providers can test some patients to see if they carry MRSA in their nose or on their skin. This test involves rubbing a cotton-tipped swab in the patient's nostrils or on the skin.
        The only way to know if MRSA is the cause of an infection is to test for the bacteria in a laboratory.
          Keep Reading: Laboratory Testing for Methicillin (oxacillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
          Treatment and recovery
            Expand All
              Treatment and decolonization
                  The main treatment for MRSA skin infections is incisions and drainage. Antibiotics may also be required. Providers can also apply topical medicines and antiseptics to decrease the amount of S. aureus on a person's body.
              Antibiotics
                  Culture and susceptibility testing should guide therapy and antibiotic decisions for patients with severe infections that do not respond to initial treatment attempts.
        Complications
        MRSA skin infections can develop into more serious infections. It is important to discuss a follow-up plan with your patients in case they develop symptoms, or if symptoms do not improve within 48 hours.
        Resources and tools
        Guidelines
          * Outpatient management of SSTIs in the era of community-associated MRSA.
              + Poster (Print Only)
              + Factsheet (Print Only)
          * Clinical Practice Guidelines by the IDSA for the Treatment of MRSA Infections in Adults and Children (2011)
          * Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
        Additional resources
          * Prevent Bacterial and Fungal Infections in Patients who Inject Drugs
        Factsheets for clinicians
                Factsheets & Posters
                Factsheets, posters, and more for MRSA awareness.
              Mar. 19, 2024
        On This Page
            * Overview
            * Risk factors
            * How it spreads
            * How common it is
            * Clinical features
            * Prevention
            * Testing
            * Treatment and recovery
            * Complications
            * Resources and tools
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    Infection Control Guidance
  April 12, 2024
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          Content Source:
        National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID)
        References
         1. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/biggest-threats.html
      Related PagesInfection Control Guidance
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    MRSA
    MRSA is a germ that is resistant to some antibiotics. It can spread in hospitals, other healthcare facilities, and in the community.
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