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Original site: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5933a3.htm | RestoredCDC.org is an independent project, not affiliated with CDC or any federal entity. Visit CDC.gov for free official information. Due to archival on January 6, 2025, recent outbreak data is unavailable. Videos are not restored. Access data.restoredcdc.org for restored data. Use of this site implies acceptance of this disclaimer.[More]About Us Report Bug Compare ContentSkip directly to search Skip directly to A to Z list Skip directly to site contentCDC HomeCDC 24/7: Saving Lives. Protecting People.™Search The CDCNote: Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser. For this reason, some items on this page will be unavailable. For more information about this message, please visit this page: About CDC.gov.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)* MMWR****** Digg* Add this to your sitePersons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq@cdc.gov. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail.Changes in Measurement of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) Vaccination Coverage --- National Immunization Survey, United States, 2009WeeklyAugust 27, 2010 / 59(33);1069-1072The National Immunization Survey (NIS) has introduced a new method for measuring Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) vaccination coverage. Since its inception in 1994, NIS has considered a child aged 19--35 months to be fully vaccinated with Hib vaccine if the child had received 3 or more doses of any Hib-containing vaccine (3+Hib), regardless of vaccine product type received. However, for some Hib vaccine product types, 4 doses are needed to be fully vaccinated. Because NIS data have not distinguished between Hib vaccine product types, a child who received 3 doses of a vaccine product that requires 4 doses was misclassified as fully vaccinated. Since January 2009, NIS has requested that vaccination providers report data on Hib vaccine product types. Using this new information, two new measures were created: 1) primary series completed and 2) fully vaccinated (primary series completed plus booster dose). To determine the effects of the new method, CDC used preliminary data from the first half of 2009 NIS to compare the new measures with the previous 3+Hib measure. The findings, which were influenced by a nationwide shortage of certain Hib vaccine types, indicated that 92.9% of children aged 19--35 months in the United States had received the primary Hib series according to interim recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), and 56.9% were fully vaccinated. Using the previous method, 82.9% were fully vaccinated (3+Hib). When interpreting Hib vaccination coverage estimates and analyzing trends with NIS Hib vaccination coverage data in the future, analysts and state immunization programs should be aware of this change in Hib measurement.Before 2009, two manufacturers produced Hib vaccines licensed for children in the United States: Merck & Co., Inc. (West Point, Pennsylvania) and Sanofi Pasteur (Swiftwater, Pennsylvania). Merck's Hib vaccines require a 2-dose primary series with doses at ages 2 months and 4 months and a booster at age 12--15 months. Sanofi Pasteur's Hib vaccines require a 3-dose primary series at ages 2, 4, and 6 months and a booster at age 12--15 months. Before January 2009, NIS did not request Hib vaccine product type and considered fully vaccinated with Hib vaccine all children who had received 3 or more doses of any Hib-containing vaccine.In December 2007, Merck recalled several lots of two types of Hib conjugate vaccine and temporarily suspended production of both products, leading to a shortage of Hib conjugate vaccines during December 2007--September 2009. The recalled vaccines were PedvaxHIB, a monovalent Hib vaccine, and Comvax, a Hib-hepatitis B (HepB) combination vaccine. Because of the limited Hib vaccine supply, ACIP recommended temporary suspension of the booster dose for most children in the United States* (1). This revised recommendation underscored an NIS measurement problem; a child who received the 2-dose primary series with a Merck product in accordance with the revised recommendation would not be counted as fully vaccinated according to the 3+Hib measure, whereas a child who received a 3-dose primary series with a Sanofi Pasteur product in accordance with the revised recommendation would be counted as fully vaccinated according to the 3+Hib measure.NIS is an ongoing, national survey used to estimate vaccination coverage in the United States among children aged 19--35 months in the 50 states and selected local areas and, beginning in 2009, in the U.S. Virgin Islands. NIS is a random-digit-dialed telephone survey of households with children aged 19--35 months at the time of interview. The household telephone survey is followed by the Immunization History Questionnaire, † which is mailed to a child's vaccination providers, if permission is granted by the parent or guardian. Beginning in January 2009, the names of the Hib vaccine product types were added to the Immunization History Questionnaire § (2).With the addition of vaccine product type information, two new measures of Hib vaccination coverage were created: 1) vaccinated with the primary series and 2) vaccinated with the primary series and a booster dose (fully vaccinated). According to ACIP vaccination recommendations, children who receive a mixture of vaccine product types require 3 doses to complete the primary series (3). The two new measures are presented in this report and compared with the 3+Hib measure in reports published previously (4).For this report, a subset of 2008--09 between-year NIS data was analyzed, consisting of children with interviews in 2009. Interviews for the entire between-year NIS were conducted from July 2, 2008 to August 11, 2009, based on the NIS samples drawn for the third quarter of 2008 through the second quarter of 2009. The household Council of American Research Organizations (CASRO) response rate for the between-year data was 63.3%; provider vaccination records were obtained for 70.4% (n = 18,032 children). Of these, 8,122 children with interviews conducted in the 50 states and District of Columbia during January--June 2009 and with adequate provider data reported by the end of October 2009 were selected for this analysis. This subset consisted of children born during January 9, 2006 through December 19, 2007; 52% of the children were younger than 12 months at the beginning of the Hib shortage and thus were more likely to have had their booster doses deferred. Data were weighted to adjust for households with multiple telephone lines, household nonresponse, and exclusion of households without landline telephones (4).For some children and certain Hib vaccine doses, product type was not reported. For the estimate of the percentage completing the primary series, 0.9% of children were missing vaccine type information for their first or second Hib dose. For the estimate of the percentage completing the primary series and booster dose, 4.9% of children had missing vaccine type information. The two measures were estimated assuming the Hib vaccines with missing type information were a type requiring 3 doses for the primary series, thereby producing a conservative estimate of coverage.Using the measures, among children aged 19--35 months overall in the United States, 92.9% received the primary Hib series according to interim ACIP recommendations, and 56.9% were fully vaccinated. Using the previous method, 82.9% were fully vaccinated (3+Hib) (Table). Among states, the percentage completing the primary Hib series ranged from 82.3% in Montana to 98.0% in Alabama, and the percentage fully vaccinated with Hib ranged from 32.6% in West Virginia to 82.7% in Alaska. Using the previous measure, the percentage fully vaccinated (3+Hib) ranged from 50.9% in Rhode Island to 97.7% in New Hampshire.The Hib vaccine shortage of December 2007--September 2009 made evident the importance of accounting for product type in measuring Hib vaccination coverage. These data show that the previous method of measuring Hib vaccination coverage (3+Hib) underestimated coverage with the primary series but overestimated coverage with the primary series and booster. Use of vaccine product type information indicated a wide range of coverage with the primary series and booster among the states.Ascertainment of product type for Hib in NIS was successful. Less than 5% of children had missing vaccine product types for determining Hib vaccination coverage for the primary series and booster. NIS also now requests that providers report vaccine product type for rotavirus vaccine (2 or 3 dose schedule, depending on type); rotavirus coverage will be routinely reported by NIS beginning in fall 2010.In the future, routine reporting of national and state vaccination coverage levels will include the more valid measures of Hib status, based on product types. CDC also plans to use the full year of 2009 NIS data to evaluate 1) compliance with interim recommendations (deferring the booster dose) during the December 2007--September 2009 Hib vaccine shortage, 2) reasons for the wide range in coverage levels across states during the shortage period, and 3) the number of children receiving catch-up vaccinations with the deferred booster dose once the shortage resolved (5).Reported byTA Santibanez, PhD, JA Singleton, MS, A Shefer, MD, A Cohn, MD, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Office of Infectious Diseases, CDC.References1. CDC. Interim recommendations for the use of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines related to the recall of certain lots of Hib-containing vaccines (PedvaxHIB and Comvax). MMWR 2007;56:1318--20.2. CDC. Licensure of a Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine (Hiberix) and updated recommendations for use of Hib vaccine. MMWR 2009;58:1008--9.3. CDC. Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines for prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among infants and children two months of age and older: recommendations of the ACIP. MMWR 1991;40(No. RR-1).4. CDC. National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19--35 months---United States, 2008. MMWR 2009;58:921--6.5. CDC. Updated recommendations for use of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine: reinstatement of the booster dose at ages 12--15 months. MMWR 2009;58:673--4.* Groups recommended to continue to receive the booster dose included children at high risk (i.e., children with asplenia, sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection and certain other immunodeficiency syndromes, and malignant neoplasms), and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) children. In addition, providers who served predominantly AI/AN children living in AI/AN communities were recommended to continue using the Merck PedvaxHIB product, which was only available from the Vaccines for Children pediatric vaccine stockpile during the shortage.† Available at http:/nisnis_ihq.pdf .† Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nis/pdfs/nis_ihq.pdf .§ In October 2009, the Hib vaccine Hiberix (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) was added to the Immunization History Questionnaire after licensure for use as a booster dose.TABLE. Comparison of vaccination coverage with Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) among children aged 19--35 months, using the previous measure and new measures, by state --- National Immunization Survey (NIS), United States, 2009*Previous measure New measuresFully vaccinated:Primary series § Fully vaccinated: primary series + booster dose ¶3+Hib †State No. surveyed % (95% CI**) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)Overall 8,122 82.9 (81.5--84.2) 92.9 (91.9--93.8) 56.9 (55.0--58.8)Alabama 122 91.8 (84.6--95.8) 98.0 (94.6--99.3) 69.3 (59.1--77.9)Alaska 89 84.5 (75.2--90.7) 91.3 (83.6--95.6) 82.7 (73.2--89.3)Arizona 159 80.9 (72.2--87.4) 90.3 (83.0--94.7) 50.9 (41.6--60.0)Arkansas 132 83.3 (74.1--89.7) 87.3 (78.0--93.0) 47.1 (36.9--57.6) ††California 180 87.0 (79.5--92.0) 93.0 (86.0--96.6) 66.0 (56.7--74.2)Colorado 162 76.8 (65.6--85.2) 86.8 (75.4--93.4) 55.1 (43.5--66.2) ††Connecticut 114 59.0 (47.2--69.8) †† 92.2 (85.0--96.1) 47.0 (35.5--58.7) ††Delaware 114 80.6 (70.2--88.0) 92.5 (83.0--96.9) 58.1 (47.0--68.4) ††District of Columbia 165 89.8 (82.4--94.3) 93.3 (87.0--96.7) 63.0 (53.4--71.6)Florida 152 90.9 (83.7--95.1) 94.7 (87.6--97.8) 63.4 (52.6--72.9) ††Georgia 148 71.4 (60.4--80.3) 93.8 (87.6--97.0) 56.2 (45.5--66.4) ††Hawaii 92 81.1 (70.7--88.4) 89.3 (79.1--94.8) 55.7 (44.5--66.4) ††Idaho 96 60.2 (48.5--70.9) †† 91.9 (82.8--96.4) 49.0 (37.9--60.1) ††Illinois 302 86.9 (79.9--91.7) 93.7 (86.5--97.1) 63.0 (54.2--71.1)Indiana 342 89.3 (83.4--93.2) 93.7 (88.2--96.8) 68.2 (60.7--74.8)Iowa 122 64.8 (54.1--74.2) †† 92.2 (82.2--96.8) 51.0 (40.6--61.3) ††Kansas 93 87.6 (78.0--93.4) 91.4 (81.7--96.2) 70.2 (58.2--80.0) ††Kentucky 166 81.8 (74.5--87.4) 95.2 (90.8--97.5) 68.4 (59.7--76.0)Louisiana 122 82.2 (72.3--89.1) 92.8 (85.2--96.6) 65.5 (54.7--74.9) ††Maine 119 62.7 (52.5--71.8) 85.8 (77.0--91.6) 51.5 (41.6--61.2)Maryland 228 89.2 (82.4--93.5) 94.2 (88.5--97.2) 54.6 (43.9--64.9) ††Massachusetts 120 95.4 (86.8--98.5) 95.4 (86.8--98.5) 48.0 (37.0--59.2) ††Michigan 154 82.3 (74.2--88.2) 96.9 (92.2--98.8) 62.5 (52.6--71.4)Minnesota 132 61.6 (51.2--71.0) 90.3 (82.8--94.8) 48.3 (39.7--57.0)Mississippi 178 84.3 (76.6--89.9) 96.5 (93.3--98.2) 70.5 (61.7--78.1)Missouri 159 78.1 (66.8--86.3) 86.5 (74.9--93.2) 43.2 (34.0--52.9)Montana 130 68.0 (58.5--76.2) 82.3 (73.3--88.7) 54.0 (44.4--63.3)Nebraska 119 66.3 (56.1--75.3) 90.4 (81.9--95.1) 53.5 (43.3--63.4) ††Nevada 148 77.3 (69.0--83.9) 87.1 (79.9--92.0) 56.1 (46.8--65.0)New Hampshire 112 97.7 (93.8--99.2) 97.7 (93.8--99.2) 40.6 (30.9--51.0) ††New Jersey 170 85.0 (73.4--92.0) 89.4 (81.2--94.3) 58.9 (48.5--68.6) ††New Mexico 159 77.8 (68.1--85.1) 86.8 (78.8--92.1) 63.4 (53.5--72.2)New York 216 85.3 (79.1--89.9) 96.7 (93.6--98.3) 58.8 (51.1--66.1)North Carolina 118 59.4 (48.3--69.7) †† 90.5 (81.2--95.5) 52.7 (41.5--63.6) ††North Dakota 102 67.9 (57.4--76.9) 94.2 (88.1--97.3) 59.2 (48.6--69.1) ††Ohio 132 84.2 (74.8--90.5) 88.1 (79.2--93.6) 53.7 (42.8--64.2) ††Oklahoma 140 80.3 (70.5--87.4) 88.1 (78.6--93.7) 67.7 (57.7--76.4)Oregon 156 77.0 (67.9--84.2) 87.5 (79.2--92.8) 54.4 (45.2--63.2)Pennsylvania 245 86.4 (79.8--91.1) 97.3 (94.2--98.8) 51.4 (42.9--59.9)Rhode Island 147 50.9 (40.0--61.6) †† 87.6 (79.0--93.0) 36.6 (26.6--48.0) ††South Carolina 118 72.9 (61.6--81.8) †† 92.2 (84.9--96.1) 41.7 (30.9--53.4) ††South Dakota 119 92.6 (86.2--96.2) 95.4 (89.6--98.1) 51.4 (40.6--62.1) ††Tennessee 163 86.7 (79.1--91.9) 94.2 (86.7--97.6) 59.4 (49.2--68.8)Texas 605 93.2 (89.4--95.7) 96.1 (93.4--97.7) 51.7 (43.3--60.1)Utah 137 82.2 (73.5--88.4) 91.8 (84.1--95.9) 52.1 (42.2--61.8)Vermont 166 88.5 (80.4--93.6) 88.5 (80.4--93.6) 44.9 (36.6--53.5)Virginia 142 79.1 (65.2--88.4) †† 89.8 (79.0--95.4) 52.2 (40.7--63.5) ††Washington 236 94.6 (90.3--97.0) 95.0 (90.8--97.3) 53.5 (44.9--61.9)West Virginia 102 81.9 (70.6--89.5) 87.8 (78.7--93.3) 32.6 (23.4--43.4)Wisconsin 149 64.6 (55.2--73.0) 93.8 (86.7--97.2) 48.7 (39.2--58.2)Wyoming 129 81.8 (73.1--88.1) 90.9 (83.6--95.2) 61.4 (51.8--70.2)* A subset of 2008--09 between-year NIS data was analyzed, consisting of children with interviews during January--June 2009. Interviews for the entire between-year NIS were conducted from July 2, 2008, to August 11, 2009, based on the NIS samples drawn for the third quarter of 2008 through the second quarter of 2009. The 8,122 children in the subset analyzed had birthdates from January 9, 2006, through December 19, 2007.† Under the previous measure, children were considered fully vaccinated if they had 3 or more doses of Hib vaccine of any type.§ Children are considered to have completed the primary series if they received either 3 or more doses of any type of Hib vaccine or 2 doses of Hib vaccine and both were Merck products. A Hib vaccine reported with an unknown type was assumed to not be a Merck product.¶ Under this new measure, children are considered fully vaccinated if they received either 4 or more doses of any type of Hib vaccine, or if they received 3 doses of Hib and the first 2 of those doses were Merck products, with the third dose of any type. Hib vaccines reported with unknown types for the first 2 doses were assumed to not be Merck products.** Confidence interval.†† Estimate might be unreliable because confidence interval is >20.Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of the date of publication.All MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from typeset documents. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. 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