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Original site: www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.html | RestoredCDC.org is an independent project, not affiliated with CDC or any federal entity. Visit CDC.gov for free official information. Due to archival on January 6, 2025, recent outbreak data is unavailable. Videos are not restored. Access data.restoredcdc.org for restored data. Use of this site implies acceptance of this disclaimer.[More]About Us Report Bug Compare ContentSkip directly to site content Skip directly to searchAn official website of the United States governmentHere's how you knowOfficial websites use .govA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.Secure .gov websites use HTTPSA lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.MalariaExplore TopicsSearchSearchClear InputFor Everyone* About* Symptoms* How It Spreads* Testing and Diagnosis* Prevention* Treatment* Where Malaria Occurs* World Malaria Day 2024* View allHealth Care Providers* Clinical Guidance: Malaria Diagnosis & Treatment in the U.S.* Clinical Features* Clinical Testing and Diagnosis* Training* Malaria Risk Assessment for Travelers* Choosing a Drug to Prevent Malaria* View allPublic Health* Malaria Surveillance, United States 2019 – 2020* Data and Statistics on Malaria in the United States* How to Report a Case of Malaria* Public Health Strategy* Malaria's Impact Worldwide* Communication Resources* Malaria Surveillance & Case Investigation Best Practices* View allView Allsearch close searchsearchMalaria Menu CloseMalaria MenusearchFor Everyone* About* Symptoms* How It Spreads* Testing and Diagnosis* Prevention* Treatment* Where Malaria Occurs* World Malaria Day 2024* View All HomeHealth Care Providers* Clinical Guidance: Malaria Diagnosis & Treatment in the U.S.* Clinical Features* Clinical Testing and Diagnosis* Training* Malaria Risk Assessment for Travelers* Choosing a Drug to Prevent Malaria* View AllPublic Health* Malaria Surveillance, United States 2019 – 2020* Data and Statistics on Malaria in the United States* How to Report a Case of Malaria* Public Health Strategy* Malaria's Impact Worldwide* Communication Resources* Malaria Surveillance & Case Investigation Best Practices* View AllView All MalariaAbout Symptoms How It Spreads Testing and Diagnosis Prevention Treatment Where Malaria Occurs World Malaria Day 2024 View AllParasitesOctober 26, 2024The History of Malaria in the United StatesAt a glance* The US eliminated malaria in the United States in the early 1950's.* WHO certified the eradication of malaria from the U.S. in 1970.* Over the past 50 years, small clusters of locally acquired mosquito-transmitted malaria have occurred in the continental U.S. among persons with no recent travel history to a malaria endemic country.ImpactThe U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and Malaria (1914-1942)During the U.S. military occupation of Cuba and the construction of the Panama Canal at the turn of the 20th century, U.S. officials made great strides in the control of malaria and yellow fever. In 1914 Henry Rose Carter and Rudolph H. von Ezdorf of the USPHS requested and received funds from the U.S. Congress to control malaria in the United States. Various activities to investigate and combat malaria followed this initial request. As a result, the U.S. saw a reduction in malaria cases. USPHS established malaria control activities around military bases in the southern U.S. where malaria was widespread to allow soldiers to train year-round.The U.S. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – The Integration of Malaria Control with Economic Development (1933)U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a bill that created the TVA on May 18, 1933. The law gave the federal government a centralized body to control the Tennessee River's potential for hydroelectric power and improve the land and waterways for development of the region. An organized and effective malaria control program stemmed from this new authority in the Tennessee River valley. Malaria affected 30 percent of the population in the region when the TVA was incorporated in 1933. The Public Health Service played a vital role in the research and control operations and by 1947, the disease was essentially eliminated. Mosquito breeding sites were reduced by controlling water levels and insecticide applications.Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) (1942-1945)MCWA was established to control malaria around military training bases in the southern United States and its territories, where malaria was still problematic and had potential to threaten military recruits before heading off to war. Many of the bases were established in areas where mosquitoes were abundant and capable of spreading malaria from person-to-person. Eventually the MCWA also aimed to prevent reintroduction of malaria into the civilian population by mosquitoes that would have fed on returning malaria-infected soldiers. During these activities, MCWA worked extensively with state and local health department officials and trained staff on malaria control techniques and strategies.CDC and Malaria (1946-present)CDC's mission to combat malaria began at its inception on July 1, 1946. The Communicable Disease Center, as CDC was first known, stemmed from MCWA. Thus, much of the early work done by CDC was concentrated on the control and elimination of malaria in the United States. With the successful reduction of malaria in the United States, the CDC switched its malaria focus from elimination efforts to prevention, surveillance, and technical support both domestically and internationally. This is still the focus of CDC's malaria work today.The first CDC offices were in one floor of this building, 1946.CDC Timeline 1940s – 1970sElimination of Malaria in the United States (1947-1951)The National Malaria Eradication Program was a cooperative undertaking by state and local health agencies of 13 southeastern states and the Communicable Disease Center of the U. S. Public Health Service, originally proposed by Dr. Louis Laval Williams. The program commenced operations on July 1, 1947. It consisted primarily of DDT application to the interior surfaces of rural homes or entire premises in counties where malaria was reported to have been prevalent in recent years. By the end of 1949, more than 4,650,000 houses were treated. It also included drainage, removal of mosquito breeding sites, and spraying (occasionally from aircrafts) of insecticides. In 1947, 15,000 malaria cases were reported. By 1950, only 2,000 cases were reported. By 1951, malaria was considered eliminated from the U.S.Distribution of malaria in the United States, 1882-1935. (Report for Certification and Registration of Malaria Eradication from United States of America published by PAHO/WHO, December 1969)The role of CDC became one of surveillance within the U. S. and of assistance in the world-wide efforts to eliminate or control malaria in the economically underdeveloped areas of the world.Eradication Efforts Worldwide: Success and Failure (1955-1978)Stamps highlighting malaria eradicationWith the success of DDT, the advent of less toxic, more effective synthetic antimalarials, and the enthusiastic and urgent belief that time and money were of the essence, the World Health Organization (WHO) submitted at the World Health Assembly in 1955 an ambitious proposal for the eradication of malaria worldwide. Eradication efforts began and focused on house spraying with residual insecticides, antimalarial drug treatment, and surveillance, and would be carried out in four successive steps: preparation, attack, consolidation, and maintenance. Successes included elimination in nations with temperate climates and seasonal malaria transmission. Some countries such as India and Sri Lanka had sharp reductions in the number of cases, followed by increases to substantial levels after efforts ceased. Other nations had negligible progress (such as Indonesia, Afghanistan, Haiti, and Nicaragua). Some nations were excluded completely from the eradication campaign (most of sub-Saharan Africa). The emergence of drug resistance, widespread resistance to available insecticides, wars and massive population movements, difficulties in obtaining sustained funding from donor countries, and lack of community participation made the long-term maintenance of the effort untenable. Completion of the eradication campaign was eventually abandoned. The goal of most current National Malaria Prevention and Control Programs and most malaria activities conducted in endemic countries is to reduce the number of malaria-related cases and deaths. To reduce malaria transmission to a level where it is no longer a public health problem is the goal of what is called malaria "control."Recent increases in resources, political will, and commitment have led again to discussion of the possibility of malaria elimination and, ultimately, eradication.Related Pages World Malaria Day 2024Related Pages** Treatment* Where Malaria Occurs* World Malaria Day 2024* CDC & Malaria** Blood Donor Screening*View All MalariaBack to TopBlood Donor ScreeningOctober 26, 2024Sources Print ShareFacebook LinkedIn Twitter SyndicateContent Source:National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID)Related Pages World Malaria Day 2024Related Pages** Treatment* Where Malaria Occurs* World Malaria Day 2024* CDC & Malaria** Blood Donor Screening*View All MalariaBack to TopMalariaMalaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite that infects the Anopheles mosquito. You get malaria when bitten by an infective mosquito.View AllFor Everyone* About* Symptoms* How It Spreads* Testing and Diagnosis* Prevention* Treatment* Where Malaria Occurs* World Malaria Day 2024* View allHealth Care Providers* Clinical Guidance: Malaria Diagnosis & Treatment in the U.S.* Clinical Features* Clinical Testing and Diagnosis* View AllPublic Health* Malaria Surveillance, United States 2019 – 2020* Data and Statistics on Malaria in the United States* How to Report a Case of Malaria* Public Health Strategy* View AllSign up for Email UpdatesContact UsContact Us* Call 800-232-4636* Contact CDCAbout CDCAbout CDC* Pressroom* Organization* Budget & Funding* Careers & JobsPolicies* Accessibility* External Links* Privacy* Web Policies* FOIA* OIG* No Fear Act* Nondiscrimination* Vulnerability Disclosure PolicyLanguagesLanguages* EspañolLanguage Assistance* Español* 繁體中文* Tiếng Việt* 한국어* Tagalog* Русский* العربية* Kreyòl Ayisyen* Français* Polski* Português* Italiano* Deutsch* 日本語* فارسی* EnglishArchive* CDC Archive* Public Health PublicationsContact UsContact Us* Call 800-232-4636* Contact CDCAbout CDC* Pressroom* Organization* Budget & Funding* Careers & Jobs* About CDCPolicies* Accessibility* External Links* Privacy* Web Policies* FOIA* OIG* No Fear Act* Nondiscrimination* Vulnerability Disclosure PolicyLanguagesLanguages* EspañolLanguage Assistance* Español* 繁體中文* Tiếng Việt* 한국어* Tagalog* Русский* العربية* Kreyòl Ayisyen* Français* Polski* Português* Italiano* Deutsch* 日本語* فارسی* EnglishArchive* CDC Archive* Public Health PublicationsHHS.gov USA.gov
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