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      References
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            Related Pages
               1. Bixler D, Barker L, Lewis K, Peretz L, Teshale E. Prevalence and awareness of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: January 2017–March 2020. Hepatol Commun 2023;7.
               2. Lewis KC, Barker LK, Jiles RB, Gupta N. Estimated prevalence and awareness of hepatitis C virus infection among US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, January 2017–March 2020. Clin Infect Dis 2023;77:1413–1415.
               3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis surveillance, United States, 2021. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2021surveillance/index.htm. Accessed on November 20, 2023
               4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance case definitions for current and historical conditions. Available at: https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/. Accessed on June 25, 2021.
               5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Lesson 5: Public health surveillance. Appendix A. Characteristics of well-conducted surveillance. In: Dicker RC, Coronado F, Koo D, Parrish RG, eds. Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition: An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Atlanta, Georgia, 2006.
               6. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. CSTE position statement process. Available at: https://www.cste.org/page/PSLanding#Introduction. Accessed on January 17, 2020.
               7. US Department of Health & Human Services. HHS 42 CFR Part 2 Proposed Rule Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2019/08/22/hhs-42-cfr-part-2-proposed-rule-fact-sheet.html. Accessed on August 5, 2020.
               8. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. CSTE policy and position statement process. Available at: https://www.cste.org/page/PPSP. Accessed on January 17, 2020.
               9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National notifiable conditions (historical) Available at: https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/search-results-year/. Accessed on June 27, 2021.
              10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance guidelines and forms. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/GuidelinesAndForms.htm. Accessed on February 13, 2020.
              11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HL7 message mapping guides & standards. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nndss/trc/mmg/index.html. Accessed on May 20, 2021.
              12. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Position statement 18-ID-07: public health reporting and national notification for hepatitis A. Available at: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/2018_position_statements/18-ID-07.pdf. Accessed on May 21, 2020.
              13. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Position statement 11-ID-03: public health reporting and national notification for acute hepatitis B infections. Available at: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/11-ID-03.pdf. Accessed on May 19, 2021.
              14. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Position statement 19-ID-06: revision of the case definition for hepatitis C. Available at: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/2019ps/final/19-ID-06_HepatitisC_final_7..pdf. Accessed on January 16, 2020.
              15. Ryerson AB, Schillie S, Barker LK, Kupronis BA, Wester C. Vital Signs: newly reported acute and chronic hepatitis C cases–United States, 2009–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:399–404.
              16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notifiable infectious disease data tables. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nndss/data-statistics/infectious-tables/index.html. Accessed on June 27, 2021.
              17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis surveillance–United States. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/SurveillanceRpts.htm. Accessed on January 24, 2020.
              18. US Department of Health & Human Services. Disclosures for public health activities. Available at: https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/guidance/disclosures-public-health-activities/index.html. Accessed on August 5, 2020.
              19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Integrated prevention services for HIV infection, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis for persons who use drugs illicitly: summary guidance from CDC and the US Department of Health & Human Services. MMWR Recomm Rep 2012;61:1–40.
              20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Managing HIV and hepatitis C outbreak among people who inject drugs – A guide for state and local health departments. March 2018. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/programresources/guidance/cluster-outbreak/cdc-hiv-hcv-pwid-guide.pdf. Accessed on January 17, 2020.
              21. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases/Infectious Diseases Society of America. HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. HCV in key populations: men who have sex with men. Available at https://www.hcvguidelines.org/unique-populations/msm. Accessed August 4, 2020.
              22. Martin TCS, Rauch A, Salazar-Vizcaya L, Martin NK. Understanding and addressing HCV reinfection among men who have sex with men. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2018;32:395–405.
              23. National Commission on Correctional Health Care. Health status of soon-to-be-released inmates: a report to Congress. Washington D.C.; 2002.
              24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare-associated outbreaks. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/Healthcare-associatedOutbreaks.htm. Accessed on January 24, 2020.
              25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State-based HAI prevention activities. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hai/state-based/index.html. Accessed on February 22, 2020.
              26. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) drug diversion planning and response toolkit for state and local health departments. Available at: https://www.cste.org/page/Drug-Diversion-Toolkit. Accessed on December 3, 2020.
              27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Chapter 9: Hepatitis A. In: Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C, eds. The Pink Book – Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 13th ed, 2015.
              28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Chapter 10: Hepatitis B. In: Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C, eds. The Pink Book – Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 2015.
              29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data security and confidentiality guidelines for HIV, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted dieases, and tuberculosis programs: standards to facilitate sharing and use of surveillance data for public health action. Atlanta (GA): US Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.
              30. Lee LM, Gostin LO. Ethical collection, storage, and use of public health data: a proposal for national privacy protection. JAMA 2009;302:82–84.
              31. Lemon SM, Ott JJ, Van Damme P, Shouval D. Type A viral hepatitis: A summary and update on the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention. J Hepatol 2017;68:167-184.
              32. Jacobsen KH. Globalization and the changing epidemiology of hepatitis A virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018;8:1-12.
              33. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Fiore AE, Wasley A, Bell BP. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recommendations and Reports 2006;55:1–23.
              34. Ly KN, Klevens RM. Trends in disease and complications of hepatitis A virus infection in the United States, 1999–2011: a new concern for adults. J Infect Dis 2015;212:176–182.
              35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis A questions and answers for health professionals. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hav/havfaq.htm. Accessed on January 16, 2020.
              36. Foster MA, Hofmeister MG, Albertson JP, et al. Hepatitis A Virus Infections Among Men Who Have Sex with Men — Eight U.S. States, 2017–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:875–878. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7024a2
              37. Yin S, Barker L, Ly KN, Kilmer G, Foster MA, Drobeniuc J, Jiles RB. Susceptibility to hepatitis A virus infection in the United States, 2007–2016. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71:e571–e579.
              38. Foster MA, Hofmeister MG, Kupronis BA, Lin Y, Xia G-L, Yin S, Teshale EH. Increase in hepatitis A virus infections — United States, 2013–2018. MMWR Weekly 2019;68:413–415.
              39. Nelson NP, Weng MK, Hofmeister MG, Moore KL, Doshani M, Kamili S, Koneru A, et al. Prevention of hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69:1–38.
              40. Woods CR. False-positive results for immunoglobulin M serologic results: Explanations and examples. J Ped Infect Dis Soc 2013;2:87-90.
              41. Adnan A, Ansari MQ, Cuthbert J. Multiple factors contribute to positive results for hepatitis A virus immunoglobulin M antibody. Achrives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 2013;137:90-95.
              42. Hyun JJ, Seo YS, An H, Yim SY, Seo MH, Kim HS, Kim CH, et al. Optimal time for repeating the IgM anti-hepatitis A virus antibody test in acute hepatitis A patients with a negative initial test. The Korean Journal of Hepatology 2012;18:56-62.
              43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis A, acute 2019 case definition. Available at: https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/conditions/hepatitis-a-acute/. Accessed on June 27, 2021.
              44. Nelson NP, Link-Gelles R, Hofmeister MG, Romero JR, Moore KL, Ward JW, Schillie SF. Update: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of hepatitis A vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis and for preexposure prophylaxis for international travel. MMWR Weekly 2018;67:1216–1220.
              45. Kodani M, Schillie SF: Chapter 4: Hepatitis B. In: Roush S, Baldy LM, Kirkconnell Hall MA, eds. Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 2020.
              46. Bond WW, Favero MS, Petersen NJ, Gravelle CR, Ebert JW, Maynard JE. Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week. Lancet 1981;1:550–551.
              47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) inactivated hepatitis B virus vaccine MMWR Weekly 1982;31:317–322, 327–328.
              48. Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, Chang K-M, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Brown RS, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology 2018;67:1560–1599.
              49. Conners EE, Panagiotakopoulos L, Hofmeister MG, Spradling PR, Hagan LM, Harris AM, Rogers-Brown JS, et al. Screening and testing for hepatitis B virus infection: CDC recommendations–United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep 2023;72:1–25.
              50. McMahon BJ, Alward WLM, Hall DB, Heyward WL, Bender TR, Francis DP, Maynard JE. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis 1985;151:599–603.
              51. Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol 2007;45:507–539.
              52. Weng MK, Doshani M, Khan MA, Frey S, Ault K, Moore KL, Hall EW, et al. Universal Hepatitis B Vaccination in Adults Aged 19–59 Years: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices–United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:477–483.
              53. Said A, Nabil Z. An overview of occult hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:1927–1938.
              54. Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, Harris A, Haber P, Ward JW, Nelson NP. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep 2018;67:1–31.
              55. Mast EE, Margolis HS, Fiore AE, Brink EW, Goldstein ST, Wang SA, Moyer LA, et al. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. MMWR Recomm Rep 2005;54:1–23.
              56. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B, acute 2024 case definition. Available at: https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/conditions/hepatitis-b-acute/. Accessed on December 31, 2023.
              57. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Position statement 23-ID-05: update to public health reporting and national notification for acute and chronic hepatitis B infections. Available at: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/ps/ps_2023/23-ID-05_Hepatitis_B.pdf. Accessed on November 21, 2023.
              58. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B, chronic 2024 case definition. Available at: https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/conditions/hepatitis-b-chronic/. Accessed on December 31, 2023.
              59. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Position statement 16-ID-06: Public health reporting and national notification of perinatal hepatitis B virus infection. Available at: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/2016PS/16_ID_06.pdf. Accessed on May 1, 2020.
              60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B, perinatal virus infection 2017 case definition. Available at https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/conditions/hepatitis-b-perinatal-virus-infection/. Accessed on June 27, 2021.
              61. Myintm A, Tong MJ, Beaven SW. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus: a review of clinical guidelines. Clin Liver Dis 2020;15:162–167.
              62. Bixler D, Annambholta P, Abara WE, Collier MG, Jones J, Mixson-Hayden T, Basavaraju SV, et al. Hepatitis B and C virus infections transmitted through organ transplantation investigated by CDC, United States, 2014–2017. Am J Transplant 2019;19:2570–2582.
              63. Jones JM, Kracalik I, Levi ME, Bowman JS, Berger JJ, Bixler D, Buchacz K, et al. Assessing solid organ donors and monitoring transplant recipients for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection — US Public Health Service Guideline, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69:1–16.
              64. Cholongitas E, Papatheodoridis GV, Burrough AK. Liver grafts from anti-hepatitis B core positive donors: a systematic review. J Hepatol 2010;52:272–279.
              65. Bixler D, Annambhotla P, Montgomery MP, Mixon-Hayden T, Kupronis B, Michaels MG, La Hoz RM, et al. Unexpected hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation–United States, 2014–2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:961–966.
              66. Abara WE, Collier M, Moorman AC. Characteristics of deceased solid organ donors and screening results for hepatitis B, C, and human immunodeficiency viruses–United States, 2010–2017. Am J Transplant 2019;19:939–947.
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              70. Ye F, Yue Y, Li S, Chen T, Bai G, Liu M, Zhang S. Presence of HBsAg, HBcAg, and HBVDNA in ovary and ovum of the patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:387–392.
              71. Yu MM, Gu XJ, Xia Y, Wang GJ, Kan NY, Jiang HX, Wu KH, et al. Relationship between HBV cccDNA expression in the human ovary and vertical transmission of HBV. Epidemiol Infect 2012;140:1454–1460.
              72. Edmunds WJ, Medley GF, Nokes DJ, Hall AJ, Whittle HC. The influence of age on the development of the hepatitis B carrier state. Proc Biol Sci 1993;253:197–201.
              73. Ko SC, Fan L, Smith EA, Fenlon N, Koneru AK, Murphy TV. Estimated annual perinatal hepatitis B virus infections in the United States, 2000-2009. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2016;5:114–121.
              74. Micallef JM, Kaldor JM, Dore GJ. Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Viral Hepat 2006;13:34–41.
              75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Stop Sticks Campaign sharps injuries: bloodborne pathogens. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/hcsa/stopsticks/bloodborne.html. Accessed on January 16, 2020.
              76. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Recomm Rep 1998;47:1–39.
              77. McQuillan GM, Alter MJ, Moyer LA, Lambert SB, Margolis HS. A population based serologic study of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. In: Rizzetto M, Purcell RH, Gerin JL, Verme G, eds. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Turin: Edizioni Minerva Medica; 1997. p. 267–270.
              78. Paintsil E, Binka M, Patel A, Lindenbach BD, Heimer R. Hepatitis C virus maintains infectivity for weeks after drying on inanimate surfaces at room temperature: implications for risks of transmission. J Infect Dis 2014 209:1205–1211.
              79. Zhou B, Cai GF, Lv HK, Xu SF, Wang ZT, Jiang ZG, Hu CG, Chen YD. Factors correlating to the development of hepatitis C virus infection among drug users—findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:2345–2361.
              80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C questions and answers for the public. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/cfaq.htm. Accessed on January 16, 2020.
              81. Busch MP, Shafer KA. Acute-phase hepatitis C virus infection: implications for research, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:959-961.
              82. Maheshwari A, Ray S, Thuluvath PJ. Acute hepatitis C. Lancet 2008;372:321-332.
              83. Grebely J, Matthews GV, Dore GJ. Treatment of acute HCV infection. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;8:265–274.
              84. Lingala S, Ghany MG. Natural history of hepatitis C. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2015 44:717–734.
              85. Ryerson AB, Eheman CR, Altekruse SF, Ward JW, Jemal A, Sherman RL, Henley J, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2012, featuring the increasing incidence of liver cancer. Cancer 2016;122:1312–1337.
              86. Benova L, Mohamoud YA, Calvert C, Abu-Raddad LJ. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:765–773.
              87. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases/Infectious Diseases Society of America. HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. Available at https://www.hcvguidelines.org/. Accessed November 27, 2023.
              88. Vachon M-L, Dieterich DT. The era of direct-acting antivirals has begun: the beginning of the end for HCV? Semin Liver Dis 2011;31:399–409.
              89. Seifert LL, Perumpail RB, Ahmed A. Update on hepatitis C: direct-acting antivirals. World J Hepatol 2015;7:2829–2833.
              90. Schillie S, Wester C, Osborne M, Wesolowski L, Ryerson AB. CDC recommendations for hepatitis C screening among adults–United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69:1–17.
              91. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C questions and answers for health professionals. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm. Accessed on January 16, 2020.
              92. Association of Public Health Laboratories. Interpretation of hepatitis C virus test results: guidance for laboratories. Available at https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/ID-2019Jan-HCV-Test-Result-Interpretation-Guide.pdf. Accessed on January 17, 2020.
              93. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Testing for HCV infection: an update of guidance for clinicians and laboratorians. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:362–365.
              94. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interpretation of results of tests for hepatitis C virus infection and further actions. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/pdfs/hcv_graph.pdf. Accessed on January 17, 2020.
              95. Cartwright EJ, Patel P, Kamili S, Wester C. Updated operational guidance for implementing CDC’s recommendations on testing for hepatitis C virus infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:766–768.
              96. Busch MP, Shafer KA. Acute-phase hepatitis C virus infection: implications for research, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:959–961.
              97. Maheshwari A, Ray S, Thuluvath PJ. Acute hepatitis C. Lancet 2008;372:321–332.
              98. Ringehan M, McKeating JA, Protzer U. Viral hepatitis and liver cancer. Phil Trans R Soc 2017;372:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0274.
              99. El-Serag HB, Hampel H, Yeh C, Rabeneck L. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C among United States male veterans. Hepatol 2002;36:1435–1445.
             100. Gumber SC, Chopra S. Hepatitis C: a multifaceted disease. Review of extrahepatic manifestations. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:615–620.
             101. Sherman AC, Sherman KE. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C infection: navigating CHASM. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2015;12:353–361.
             102. Tang L, Marcell L, Kottilil S. Systemic manifestations of hepatitis C infection. Infect Agent Cancer 2016;11:29.
             103. Falade-Nwulia O, Sulkowski MS, Merkow A, Latkin C, Mehta SH. Understanding and addressing hepatitis C reinfection in the oral direct acting antiviral era. J Viral Hepat 2018;25:220–227.
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      Last Reviewed: February 29, 2024
        Source: Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
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      home Statistics & Surveillance
      * plus icon Viral Hepatitis Surveillance – United States
          + plus icon 2022 Surveillance
              o plus icon Overview
                  - Background
                  - National Profile of Viral Hepatitis
                  - Technical Notes
              o plus icon Hepatitis A
                  - Figure 1.1 – Number of Cases & Estimated Infections
                  - Figure 1.2 – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Figure 1.3 – Map of Case Rates
                  - Figure 1.4 – Case Rates by Age Group
                  - Figure 1.5 – Case Rates by Sex
                  - Figure 1.6 – Case Rates by Race & Ethnicity
                  - Figure 1.7 – Infection Risk Behaviors
                  - Table 1.1 – Number & Rates of Cases by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 1.2 – Cases & Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 1.3 – Cases by Risk Behaviors
                  - Table 1.4 – Death Rates by Demographics
              o plus icon Hepatitis B
                  - Figure 2.1 – Acute – Number of Cases
                  - Figure 2.2 – Acute – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Figure 2.3 – Acute – Map of Case Rates
                  - Figure 2.4 – Acute – Case Rates by Age Group
                  - Figure 2.5 – Acute – Case Rates by Sex
                  - Figure 2.6 – Acute – Case Rates by Race & Ethnicity
                  - Figure 2.7 – Acute – Infection Risk
                  - Figure 2.8 – Map of Death Rates
                  - Table 2.1 – Acute – Number & Rates of Cases
                  - Table 2.2 – Acute – Cases & Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 2.3 – Acute – Cases by Risk Behaviors
                  - Table 2.4 – Perinatal – Cases by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 2.5 – Chronic – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 2.6 – Chronic – Case Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 2.7 – Death Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 2.8 – Death Rates by Demographics
              o plus icon Hepatitis C
                  - Figure 3.1 – Acute – Number of Cases
                  - Figure 3.2 – Acute – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Figure 3.3 – Acute – Map of Case Rates
                  - Figure 3.4 – Acute – Case Rates by Age Group
                  - Figure 3.5 – Acute – Case Rates by Sex
                  - Figure 3.6 – Acute – Case Rates by Race & Ethnicity
                  - Figure 3.7 – Acute – Infection Risk Behaviors
                  - Figure 3.8 – Chronic – Case Rates by Sex & Age
                  - Figure 3.9 – Map of Death Rates
                  - Table 3.1 – Acute – Number & Rates of Cases
                  - Table 3.2 – Acute – Cases & Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 3.3 – Acute – Infection Risk Behaviors
                  - Table 3.4 – Perinatal – Cases by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 3.5 – Chronic – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 3.6 – Chronic – Case Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 3.7 – Death Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 3.8 – Death Rates by Demographics
              o plus icon Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program
                  - Figure 4.1 – Outcomes by Birth Cohort Year
                  - Table 4.1 – Outcomes by Jurisdiction
              o plus icon Appendix
                  - Figure 5.1 – Reported Acute Hepatitis B & C Cases
                  - Table 5.1 – Acute Viral Hepatitis Cases
                  - Table 5.2 – Acute & Chronic Hepatitis C Cases
                  - Table 5.3 – Numbers & Rates of Reported Acute Hepatitis B & C
          + plus icon 2021 Surveillance
              o plus icon Overview
                  - Background
                  - National Profile of Viral Hepatitis
                  - Technical Notes
              o plus icon Hepatitis A
                  - Figure 1.1 – Number of Cases & Estimated Infections
                  - Figure 1.2 – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Figure 1.3 – Map of Case Rates
                  - Figure 1.4 – Case Rates by Age Group
                  - Figure 1.5 – Case Rates by Sex
                  - Figure 1.6 – Case Rates by Race & Ethnicity
                  - Figure 1.7 – Infection Risk Behaviors
                  - Table 1.1 – Number & Rates of Cases by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 1.2 – Cases & Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 1.3 – Cases by Risk Behaviors
                  - Table 1.4 – Death Rates by Demographics
              o plus icon Hepatitis B
                  - Figure 2.1 – Acute – Number of Cases
                  - Figure 2.2 – Acute – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Figure 2.3 – Acute – Map of Case Rates
                  - Figure 2.4 – Acute – Case Rates by Age Group
                  - Figure 2.5 – Acute – Case Rates by Sex
                  - Figure 2.6 – Acute – Case Rates by Race & Ethnicity
                  - Figure 2.7 – Acute – Infection Risk
                  - Figure 2.8 – Map of Death Rates
                  - Table 2.1 – Acute – Number & Rates of Cases
                  - Table 2.2 – Acute – Cases & Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 2.3 – Acute – Cases by Risk Behaviors
                  - Table 2.4 – Perinatal – Cases by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 2.5 – Chronic – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 2.6 – Chronic – Case Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 2.7 – Death Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 2.8 – Death Rates by Demographics
              o plus icon Hepatitis C
                  - Figure 3.1 – Acute – Number of Cases
                  - Figure 3.2 – Acute – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Figure 3.3 – Acute – Map of Case Rates
                  - Figure 3.4 – Acute – Case Rates by Age Group
                  - Figure 3.5 – Acute – Case Rates by Sex
                  - Figure 3.6 – Acute – Case Rates by Race & Ethnicity
                  - Figure 3.7 – Acute – Infection Risk Behaviors
                  - Figure 3.8 – Chronic – Case Rates by Sex & Age
                  - Figure 3.9 – Map of Death Rates
                  - Table 3.1 – Acute – Number & Rates of Cases
                  - Table 3.2 – Acute – Cases & Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 3.3 – Acute – Infection Risk Behaviors
                  - Table 3.4 – Perinatal – Cases by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 3.5 – Chronic – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 3.6 – Chronic – Case Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 3.7 – Death Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 3.8 – Death Rates by Demographics
              o plus icon Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program
                  - Figure 4.1 – Outcomes by Birth Cohort Year
                  - Table 4.1 – Outcomes by Jurisdiction
              o plus icon Appendix
                  - Figure 5.1 – Reported Acute Hepatitis B & C Cases
                  - Table 5.1 – Acute Viral Hepatitis Cases
                  - Table 5.2 – Acute & Chronic Hepatitis C Cases
                  - Table 5.3 – Numbers & Rates of Reported Acute Hepatitis B & C
          + plus icon 2020 Surveillance
              o plus icon Overview
                  - Background
                  - National Profile of Viral Hepatitis
                  - Technical Notes
              o plus icon Hepatitis A
                  - Figure 1.1 – Number of Cases & Estimated Infections
                  - Figure 1.2 – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Figure 1.3 – Map of Case Rates
                  - Figure 1.4 – Case Rates by Age Group
                  - Figure 1.5 – Case Rates by Sex
                  - Figure 1.6 – Case Rates by Race & Ethnicity
                  - Figure 1.7 – Infection Risk Behaviors
                  - Table 1.1 – Number & Rates of Cases by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 1.2 – Cases & Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 1.3 – Cases by Risk Behaviors
                  - Table 1.4 – Death Rates by Demographics
              o plus icon Hepatitis B
                  - Figure 2.1 – Acute – Number of Cases
                  - Figure 2.2 – Acute – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Figure 2.3 – Acute – Map of Case Rates
                  - Figure 2.4 – Acute – Case Rates by Age Group
                  - Figure 2.5 – Acute – Case Rates by Sex
                  - Figure 2.6 – Acute – Case Rates by Race & Ethnicity
                  - Figure 2.7 – Acute – Infection Risk
                  - Figure 2.8 – Map of Death Rates
                  - Table 2.1 – Acute – Number & Rates of Cases
                  - Table 2.2 – Acute – Cases & Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 2.3 – Acute – Cases by Risk Behaviors
                  - Table 2.4 – Perinatal – Cases by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 2.5 – Chronic – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 2.6 – Chronic – Case Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 2.7 – Death Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 2.8 – Death Rates by Demographics
              o plus icon Hepatitis C
                  - Figure 3.1 – Acute – Number of Cases
                  - Figure 3.2 – Acute – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Figure 3.3 – Acute – Map of Case Rates
                  - Figure 3.4 – Acute – Case Rates by Age Group
                  - Figure 3.5 – Acute – Case Rates by Sex
                  - Figure 3.6 – Acute – Case Rates by Race & Ethnicity
                  - Figure 3.7 – Acute – Infection Risk Behaviors
                  - Figure 3.8 – Chronic – Case Rates by Sex & Age
                  - Figure 3.9 – Map of Death Rates
                  - Table 3.1 – Acute – Number & Rates of Cases
                  - Table 3.2 – Acute – Cases & Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 3.3 – Acute – Infection Risk Behaviors
                  - Table 3.4 – Perinatal – Cases by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 3.5 – Chronic – Case Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 3.6 – Chronic – Case Rates by Demographics
                  - Table 3.7 – Death Rates by Jurisdiction
                  - Table 3.8 – Death Rates by Demographics
              o plus icon Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program
                  - Figure 4.1 – Outcomes by Birth Cohort Year
                  - Table 4.1 – Outcomes by Jurisdiction
              o plus icon Appendix
                  - Figure 5.1 – Reported Acute Hepatitis B & C Cases
                  - Table 5.1 – Acute Viral Hepatitis Cases
                  - Table 5.2 – Acute & Chronic Hepatitis C Cases
                  - Table 5.3 – Numbers & Rates of Reported Acute Hepatitis B & C
          + plus icon 2019 Surveillance
              o Introduction
              o plus icon Hepatitis A
                  - Figure 1.1
                  - Figure 1.2
                  - Figure 1.3
                  - Figure 1.4
                  - Figure 1.5
                  - Figure 1.6
                  - Figure 1.7
                  - Table 1.1
                  - Table 1.2
                  - Table 1.3
                  - Table 1.4
              o plus icon Hepatitis B
                  - Figure 2.1
                  - Figure 2.2
                  - Figure 2.3
                  - Figure 2.4
                  - Figure 2.5
                  - Figure 2.6
                  - Figure 2.7
                  - Figure 2.8
                  - Table 2.1
                  - Table 2.2
                  - Table 2.3
                  - Table 2.4
                  - Table 2.5
                  - Table 2.6
                  - Table 2.7
                  - Table 2.8
              o plus icon Hepatitis C
                  - Figure 3.1
                  - Figure 3.2
                  - Figure 3.3
                  - Figure 3.4
                  - Figure 3.5
                  - Figure 3.6
                  - Figure 3.7
                  - Figure 3.8
                  - Figure 3.9
                  - Table 3.1
                  - Table 3.2
                  - Table 3.3
                  - Table 3.4
                  - Table 3.5
                  - Table 3.6
                  - Table 3.7
                  - Table 3.8
              o Appendix
              o Supplemental Report
          + plus icon 2018 Surveillance
              o Introduction
              o Hepatitis A
              o Hepatitis B
              o Hepatitis C
              o Appendix
          + plus icon 2017 Surveillance
              o Hepatitis A Tables and Figures
              o Hepatitis B Tables and Figures
              o Hepatitis C Tables and Figures
          + plus icon 2016 Surveillance
              o Commentary
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