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    Data, Statistics, and Research Healthy People 2030 Healthy Eating and Active Living Survey (CBS HEAL) Interactive Database DNPAO Published Research View All
October 21, 2024
  Data, Trends, and Maps Definitions and Sources
          At a glance
          CDC's Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity (DNPAO) manages a database called Data, Trends, and Maps. This page provides definitions and data sources of indicators used in the database.
        Obesity and weight status
          Two indicators for adults 18 and older‎
          Two indicators for adults 18 and older
              Percent who have obesity and percent who have an overweight classification.
        Adult obesity is defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30.0. Adult overweight is defined as BMI ≥25.0 but <30.0.
        For both obesity and overweight, BMI was calculated from self-reported weight and height (weight [kg]/ height [m²). Respondents who reported the following were excluded:
          * Weight < 50 pounds or ≥ 650 pounds.
          * Height < 3 feet or ≥ 8 feet.
          * BMI: <12 or ≥ 100.
          * Pregnant respondents.
        Data Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
          Two indicators for students in grades 9—12‎
          Two indicators for students in grades 9—12
              Percent who have obesity and percent who have an overweight classification.
        For teens, obesity is defined as BMI-for-age and sex ≥95th percentile. For this age, overweight is defined as BMI-for-age and ≥85th percentile but <95th percentile.
        For both obesity and overweight, percentiles are based on the 2000 CDC growth chart. BMI was calculated from self-reported weight and height (weight [kg]/ height [m²]).
        Data Source: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
          Two indicators for children enrolled in WIC age 2 to 4‎
          Two indicators for children enrolled in WIC age 2 to 4
              Percent who have obesity and percent who have an overweight classification.
        WIC is the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. For children, obesity is defined as BMI-for-age and sex ≥95th percentile. Overweight is defined as BMI-for-age and sex ≥85th but <95th percentile.
        Percentiles are based on the 2000 CDC growth chart. BMI was calculated from measured weight and height (weight [kg]/ height [m²]).
        Children with missing values of height, weight, and BMI were excluded. Children with biologically implausible values for height, weight, and BMI were also excluded. Excluded values defined as the following z-scores values:
          * Height-for-age < 5.0 or >4.0.
          * Weight-for-age <-5.0 or >8.0.
          * BMI-for-age <-4.0 or >8.0.
        Data Source: Women, Infants, and Children Participant and Program Characteristics
          Indicator for WIC children 3-23 months‎
          Indicator for WIC children 3-23 months
              Percent who have a high weight-for-length.
        High weight-for-length is defined as ≥2 standard deviations (SDs) above the sex and age-specific median. This is specific to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards.
        Weight was measured to the nearest one-quarter pound, and length to the nearest one-eighth inch. This was done by using an infant measuring board according to CDC surveillance standards.
        Children were excluded with missing values of sex, weight, or length. Children were also excluded or who had a length outside the range (45–110 cm) in the WHO growth standards. In addition, children with biological implausible values were excluded from analyses defined as:
          * Weight-for-age < -6 or >5 SDs.
          * Length-for-age < -6 or >6.
          * Weight-for-length < -5 or >5 based on WHO growth standards cutpoints.
        Data Source: Women, Infants, and Children Participant and Program Characteristics (WIC)
        Breastfeeding – behavior
          Three indicators for breastfeeding‎
          Three indicators for breastfeeding
              Percent ever breastfed, percent breastfed at 6 months, and percent breastfed at 12 months.
        Ever breastfed is defined by the question "was [child] ever breastfed or fed breast milk?"
        Breastfed at 6 and 12 months is defined as breastfeeding to any extent with or without the addition of complementary liquids or solids.
        Data Source: National Immunization Survey. See note.A
          Two indicators for exclusive breastfeeding‎
          Two indicators for exclusive breastfeeding
              Percent of infants exclusively breastfed through 3 months and 6 months.
        Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as only breast milk—no solids, no water, and no other liquids
        Data Source: National Immunization Survey. See note.A
          Indicator for supplementation within 2 days‎
          Indicator for supplementation within 2 days
              Percent of breastfed infants supplemented with infant formula within 2 days of life.
        Formula supplementation is defined as supplementation of breast milk with formula among infants breastfed at 2 days. This is with or without other supplementary liquids or solids.
        Data Source: National Immunization Survey. See note.A
          Two indicators for formula supplementation‎
          Two indicators for formula supplementation
              Percent of breastfed infants supplemented with infant formula before 3 months and before 6 months.
        Formula supplementation is defined as supplementation of breast milk with formula among infants breastfed at 3 months or 6 months. This can be with or without other supplementary liquids or solids.
        Data Source: National Immunization Survey. See note.A
        Breastfeeding - environmental or policy
          Indicator for mPINC score‎
          Indicator for mPINC score
              Average Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) score among hospitals.
        This score is from six categories of support that hospitals can provide for breastfeeding. Score can range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better maternity care practices and policies. A state's score represents the average score across participating hospitals in the state.
        Data Source: CDC Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care Survey
          Indicator for "baby friendly"‎
          Indicator for "baby friendly"
              Percent of live births at facilities designated as "baby friendly" by the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative.
        Numerator: Number of live births at hospitals designated as "baby friendly." Denominator: Number of live births.
        Data Source: Breastfeeding Report Card
        Fruit and vegetables – behaviors
          Two indicators for adults 18 and older‎
          Two indicators for adults 18 and older
              Percent who report consuming fruit less than one time daily and percent who report consuming vegetables less than one time daily.
        Adults were asked via a telephone survey how many times per day, week, or month they consumed the following fruits and vegetables:
          * 100% pure fruit juices.
          * Fruit.
          * Green salad.
          * Fried potatoes.
          * Other potatoes.
          * Other vegetables.
        Total daily fruit consumption was calculated based on responses to questions about fruit juices and fruit. Total daily vegetable consumption was calculated based on answers to the remaining questions.
        Data Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
        Data came from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) fruit and vegetable module. Data include consumption of both fruit and 100% fruit juice.
        Vegetable consumption data include all vegetables. Survey questions ask about consumption of green salad, potatoes (not including French fries, fried potatoes, or potato chips), carrots, and other vegetables.
        Data Source: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
        Fruits and vegetables – environmental or policy supports
          Indicator for farmers markets‎
          Indicator for farmers markets
              Number of farmers markets per 100,000 residents.
        Numerator: Total number of farmers markets per state. Source: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Marketing Services. USDA National Farmers Market Directory.
        Denominator: Estimated number of residents/100,000. United States Census Bureau.
        Data Source: State Indicator Report on Fruits and Vegetables, 2018.
          Indicator for SNAP benefits‎
          Indicator for SNAP benefits
              Percent of farmers markets that accept SNAP benefits.
        Numerator: Number of farmers markets that accept Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits. Denominator: Total number of farmers markets.
        Data Source: State Indicator Report on Fruits and Vegetables, 2018.
          Indicator for WIC coupons‎
          Indicator for WIC coupons
              Percent of farmers markets that accept WIC Farmers Market Nutrition Program coupons
        Numerator: Number of farmers markets that accept WIC Farmers Market Nutrition Program coupons. Denominator: Total number of farmers markets.
        Data Source: State Indicator Report on Fruits and Vegetables, 2018.
          Indicator for food hubs‎
          Indicator for food hubs
              Number of food hubs in each state.
        The number of food hubs by state includes multiple models of food hubs: farm-to-consumer, farm-to-business/institution, and a combination of the two. Food hubs may be cooperative, nonprofit, publicly held, or privately held business.
        Data Source: State Indicator Report on Fruits and Vegetables, 2018.
          Two indicators for food policy councils‎
          Two indicators for food policy councils
              Number of local food policy councils in each state and existence of a state food policy council.
        State and local food policy councils included in this national directory are identified by ongoing self-registration. Councils are verified through an annual survey of food policy councils.
        Data Source: State Indicator Report on Fruits and Vegetables, 2018.
          Indicator for farm-to-school‎
          Indicator for farm-to-school
              State farm-to-school/preschool policy.
        State farm-to-school/preschool policies include adopted or enacted state legislation during January 1, 2002–March 31, 2017. Included legislation supported any of the three core elements of a farm-to-school program or initiative. Policies targeted grades K–12 or childcare or early care and education. Core elements include:
          * Serving fruit and vegetables purchased from local/regional farms.
          * Providing agriculture and nutrition education opportunities.
          * School gardens.
        Data Source: State Indicator Report on Fruits and Vegetables, 2018.
          Indicator for serving fruits‎
          Indicator for serving fruits
              State childcare regulations align with national standards for serving fruits.
        This analysis assessed the degree to which state childcare regulations reflected national nutrition standards for serving fruits and vegetables. State childcare regulations were assessed for licensed childcare centers, large or group family childcare homes, and small family childcare homes. Standards were from Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards for Early Care and Education Programs, 3rd Edition.
        The standards specify that children be served a variety of fruits, especially whole fruits and vegetables. Standards specifically mention dark green, orange, deep yellow, and root vegetables. States whose regulations scored 4 (regulation fully addresses standard) across all three childcare types were designated as "yes." States that received a score of less than 4 in any childcare type were designated as "no."
        Data Source: National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education. See note.B
          Indicator for serving vegetables‎
          Indicator for serving vegetables
              State childcare regulations align with national standards for serving vegetables.
        This indicates the degree to which state childcare regulations reflected national nutrition standards for serving fruits and vegetables. State childcare regulations were assessed for licensed childcare centers, large or group family childcare homes, and small family childcare homes.
        Standards were from Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards for Early Care and Education Programs, 3rd Edition. The standards specify that children be served a variety of fruits, especially whole fruits and vegetables. Standards specifically mention dark green, orange, deep yellow, and root vegetables.
        States whose regulations scored 4 (regulation fully addresses standard) across all three child care types were designated as "yes." States that received a score of less than 4 in any child care type were designated as "no."
        Data Source: National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education. See note.B
          Indicator for salad bars‎
          Indicator for salad bars
              Percent of secondary schools that offered a self-serve salad bar to students.
        This indicator used one question from the Profiles Principal Questionnaire. The question was "During this school year, has your school... offered a self-serve salad bar to students?" Schools with principals who answered "Yes" were classified as having a salad bar.
        Data Source: School Health Profiles (Profiles)
        Physical activity - behavior
          Indicator for no leisure-time physical activity‎
          Indicator for no leisure-time physical activity
              Percent of adults who engage in no leisure-time physical activity.
        Adults 18 and older were asked "During the past month, other than your regular job, did you participate in any physical activities or exercises such as running, calisthenics, golf, gardening, or walking for exercise?" Respondents were classified as participating in no leisure-time physical activity if they responded "no." Respondents with missing data were excluded.
        Data Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
          Indicator for active adults‎
          Indicator for active adults
              Percent of adults who achieve at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity or 75 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity (or an equivalent combination).
        Adults 18 and older were classified as active if they reported:
          * At least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity activity, or
          * At least 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity activity, or
          * A combination of moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity activity (multiplied by two) totaling at least 150 minutes per week.
        Respondents whose physical activity level could not be categorized due to missing physical activity data were excluded.
        Data Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
          Indicator for highly active adults‎
          Indicator for highly active adults
              Percent of adults who achieve at least 300 minutes a week of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity or 150 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity (or an equivalent combination).
        Adults 18 and older were classified as highly active if they reported:
          * More than 300 minutes per week of moderate-intensity activity, or
          * More than 150 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity activity, or
          * A combination of moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity activity (multiplied by two) totaling more than 300 minutes per week.
        Respondents whose physical activity level could not be categorized due to missing physical activity data were excluded.
        Data Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
          Indicator for muscle-strengthening‎
          Indicator for muscle-strengthening
              Percent of adults who engage in muscle-strengthening activities 2 or more days a week.
        This indicator is for adults 18 and older. Muscle-strengthening includes activities such as yoga, sit-ups, push-ups, and those using weight machines, free weights, or elastic bands. Respondents with missing data were excluded.
        Data Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
          Indicator for aerobic and muscle-strengthening‎
          Indicator for aerobic and muscle-strengthening
              Percent of adults who achieve at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity or 75 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity and engage in muscle-strengthening activities on 2 or more days a week.
        Percent of adults 18 and older classified as active or highly active according to the above indicators who also engaged in muscle-strengthening activities on 2 or more days a week. Respondents whose physical activity level could not be categorized due to missing physical activity data were excluded.
        Data Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
          Indicator for biking or walking to work‎
          Indicator for biking or walking to work
              Percent of people in the state who usually biked or walked to work in the last week.
        The U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey asks, "How did this person usually get to work last week?" People 16 and older who worked and reported they "bicycle" or "walked" were classified as usually biked or walked to work.
        Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey
          Indicator for student physical activity‎
          Indicator for student physical activity
              Percent of students in grades 9–12 who achieve 1 hour or more of moderate- and/or vigorous-intensity physical activity daily.
        Respondents were asked: "During the past 7 days, on how many days were you physically active for a total of at least 60 minutes per day? (Add up all the time you spend in any kind of physical activity that increases your heart rate and makes you breathe hard some of the time.)" Respondents were classified as active if they answered, "7 days."
        Data Source: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
          Indicator for physical education‎
          Indicator for physical education
              Percent of students in grades 9-12 who participate in daily physical education.
        Respondents were asked: "In an average week in school when you go to school, how many days do you attend physical education classes?" Respondents were classified as participating in daily physical education if they answered, "5 days." Numerator: Number of students who answered “5 days.” Denominator: Students surveyed in grades 9-12.
        Data Source: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
        Physical activity - environmental or policy supports
          Indicator for neighborhood access‎
          Indicator for neighborhood access
              Percent of youth with parks or playground areas, community centers, and sidewalks or walking paths available in their neighborhood.
        Numerator: Number of youth whose parents answered, "yes" to all of the following questions. Questions were preceded by, "Please tell me if the following places and things are available to children in your neighborhood, even if [CHILD'S NAME] does not actually use them:
         1. Park or playground area?
         2. A recreation center, community center, or boys' or girls' club?
         3. Sidewalks or walking paths?"
        Denominator: Youth 17 and younger.
        Data Source: National Survey of Children's Health
          Indicator for park proximity‎
          Indicator for park proximity
              Percent of U.S. population living within one half mile of a park.
        Numerator: Estimated number of each census tract's population within ½-mile buffer around local parks and beaches. This assessment used Esri StreetMap Premium/HERE and state and national parks from the Protected Areas Database of the United States. The estimated population living within ½ mile of a park was summed over all census tracts in a state. This helped estimate the total state-level population residing within ½ mile of a park.
        Denominator: Census tract and state population from the American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.
        Data Source: National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network
          Indicator for Complete Streets‎
          Indicator for Complete Streets
              State has adopted some form of a Complete Streets policy.
        States that have a state-level Complete Streets policy were given a "Yes." An ideal Complete Streets policy includes 10 elements. State policy did not have to include all 10 elements to be counted as a "yes." A list of Complete Streets policies, including state-level policies.
        Data Source: National Complete Streets Coalition
          Indicator for preschoolers‎
          Indicator for preschoolers
              State childcare regulations align with national standards for moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity for preschoolers.
        State childcare regulations were assessed for licensed childcare centers, large or group family childcare homes, and small family childcare homes.
        Standards were from Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards for Early Care and Education Programs, 3rd Edition. Standards specify that preschoolers should be allowed 90 to 120 minutes of moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity per eight-hour day. States with regulations fully addressing standards for all three licensed childcare types were designated as "yes." States with regulations that did not fully address standards in any childcare type were designated as "no."
        Data Source: National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education. See note.B
        Sugar drinks - behavior
          Indicator for soda/pop‎
          Indicator for soda/pop
              Percent of students in grades 9–12 who drank regular soda/pop at least one time per day.
        Respondents were asked, "During the past 7 days, how many times did you drink a can, bottle, or glass of soda or pop, such as Coke, Pepsi, or Sprite? (Do not include diet soda or diet pop.)" Responses ranged from "I did not drink soda or pop during the past 7 days" to "4 or more times per day."
        Data Source: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
        Sugar drinks - environmental or policy supports
          Indicator for soda pop or fruit drinks‎
          Indicator for soda pop or fruit drinks
              Percent of secondary schools that allowed students to purchase soda pop or fruit drinks from one or more vending machines or at the school store, canteen, or snack bar.
        This indicator used one question from the Profiles Principal Questionnaire. The question was "Can students purchase each of the following snack foods or beverages from vending machines or at the school store, canteen, or snack bar: Soda pop or fruit drinks that are not 100% juice?" Schools with principals who answered "Yes" were classified as allowing students to purchase soda pop or fruit drinks.
        Data Source: School Health Profiles (Profiles)
          Indicator for sports drinks‎
          Indicator for sports drinks
              Percent of secondary schools that allowed students to purchase sports drinks from one or more vending machines or at the school store, canteen, or snack bar.
        This indicator used one question from the Profiles Principal Questionnaire. The question was "Can students purchase each of the following snack foods or beverages from vending machines or at the school store, canteen, or snack bar: Sports drinks (e.g., Gatorade)?" Schools with principals who answered "Yes" were classified as allowing students to purchase sports drinks.
        Data Source: School Health Profiles (Profiles)
          Indicator for avoiding sugar‎
          Indicator for avoiding sugar
              State childcare regulations align with national standards for avoiding sugar, including concentrated sweets such as candy, sodas, sweetened drinks, fruit nectars, and flavored milk.
        State childcare regulations were assessed for licensed childcare centers, large or group family childcare homes, and small family childcare homes. Standards were from Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards for Early Care and Education Programs, 3rd Edition.
        States whose regulations scored 4 (regulation fully addresses standard) across all three childcare types were designated as "yes." States that received a score of less than 4 in any childcare type were designated as "no."
        Data Source: National Resource Center For Health and Safety In Child Care and Early Education. See note.B
        Television viewing - behavior
          Indicator for wathing television‎
          Indicator for wathing television
              Percent of students in grades 9-12 watching 3 or more hours of television each school day.
        Respondents were asked, "On an average school day, how many hours do you watch TV?" Responses ranged from "I do not watch TV on an average school day" to "5 or more hours per day."
        Data Source: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
        Television viewing - environmental or policy supports
          Indicator for children younger than 2‎
          Indicator for children younger than 2
              State childcare regulations align with national standards for prohibiting use of media and computers with children younger than 2.
        Media viewing includes watching television, videos, DVDs, and computers. State childcare regulations were assessed for licensed childcare centers, large or group family childcare homes, and small family childcare homes. Data assessed how well facilities reflected national standards for prohibiting the use of media viewing.
        Standards were from Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards for Early Care and Education Programs, 3rd Edition. States whose regulations scored 4 (regulation fully addresses standard) across all 3 childcare types were designated as "yes." States that received a score of less than 4 in any childcare type were designated as "no".
        Data Source: National Resource Center For Health and Safety In Child Care and Early Education. See note.B
          Indicator for children 2 and older‎
          Indicator for children 2 and older
              State childcare regulations align with national standards for limiting total media time for children 2 and older to not more than 30 minutes once a week.
        State childcare regulations were assessed for licensed childcare centers, large or group family childcare homes, and small family childcare homes. Standards were from Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards for Early Care and Education Programs, 3rd Edition.
        States whose regulations scored 4 (regulation fully addresses standard) across all three childcare types were designated as "yes." States that received a score of less than 4 in any childcare type were designated as "no".
        Data Source: National Resource Center For Health and Safety In Child Care and Early Education. See note.B
        On This Page
            * Obesity and weight status
            * Breastfeeding – behavior
            * Breastfeeding - environmental or policy
            * Fruit and vegetables – behaviors
            * Fruits and vegetables – environmental or policy supports
            * Physical activity - behavior
            * Physical activity - environmental or policy supports
            * Sugar drinks - behavior
            * Sugar drinks - environmental or policy supports
            * Television viewing - behavior
            * Television viewing - environmental or policy supports
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            * Interactive Database
            * Data Limitations, and Risks
            * Healthy Eating and Active Living Survey (CBS HEAL)
            * DNPAO Published Research
            * Data, Statistics, and Research
          View All Data, Trends, Maps
    DNPAO Published Research
  October 21, 2024
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          Content Source:
        National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP)
        Footnotes
         1. Breastfeeding rates through 2008 births are based on the National Immunization Survey's (NIS) landline sampling frame. Starting with 2009 births, rates are based on the NIS dual-frame sample. It includes respondents surveyed on landline or cellular telephones. The NIS Survey Methods page explains the sampling methodology and the impact of adding cellular telephone respondents.
         2. The date for the National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education report corresponds to the year of data release. The year of the data on Data, Trends, and Maps corresponds to the year of data collection.
      Related Pages
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        * Interactive Database
        * Data Limitations, and Risks
        * Healthy Eating and Active Living Survey (CBS HEAL)
        * DNPAO Published Research
        * Data, Statistics, and Research
      View All Data, Trends, Maps
  Back to Top
    Data, Trends, Maps
    An interactive database plus lists of published research about nutrition, physical activity, and obesity.
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          * Data, Statistics, and Research
          * Healthy People 2030
          * Healthy Eating and Active Living Survey (CBS HEAL)
          * Interactive Database
          * DNPAO Published Research
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