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        Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
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    Clinical Overview Infection Control Guidance View All
April 15, 2024
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  Clinical Overview of Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis)
          Key points
            * Conjunctivitis is caused by viruses, bacteria, allergens, contact lens use, chemicals, fungi, and certain diseases.
            * Advise patients to remain home if they have viral or bacterial conjunctivitis with systemic signs of illness.
            * Infected students should not attend school if they cannot avoid close contact with others.
          Causes
            Expand All
              Viral conjunctivitis
                    * Adenoviruses (one of the most common causes)
                    * Rubella virus
                    * Rubeola (measles) virus
                    * Herpesviruses, including
                        + Herpes simplex virus
                        + Varicella-zoster virus (also causes chickenpox and shingles)
                        + Epstein-Barr virus (also causes infectious mononucleosis or mono)
                    * Picornaviruses, such as coxsackievirus A24 and enterovirus 70 (which has caused outbreaks in other countries)
              Bacterial conjunctivitis
                  Many species of bacteria can cause bacterial conjunctivitis including:
                    * Haemophilus influenzae
                    * Streptococcus pneumoniae
                    * Moraxella catarrhalis
                    * Chlamydia trachomatis
                    * Staphylococcus aureus
                    * Moraxella lacunata
                    * Neisseria gonorrhea
                    * Neisseria meningitides
                    Keep Reading: Types of Bacterial Conjunctivitis
              Allergic conjunctivitis
                  Allergic conjunctivitis is common in people who have other signs of allergic disease, such as hay fever, asthma, and eczema. It is caused by the body's reaction to certain substances and allergens like:
                    * Pollen from trees, plants, grasses, and weeds
                    * Dust mites
                    * Animal dander
                    * Molds
                    * Contact lenses and lens solution
                    * Cosmetics
          How it spreads
            Expand All
              Viral conjunctivitis
                  Viral conjunctivitis is very contagious and mostly spread through hand-to-eye contact by hands or objects that are contaminated with the virus. Other ways include contact with:
                    * Infectious tears
                    * Eye discharge
                    * Fecal matter
                    * Respiratory discharge and large respiratory tract droplets
              Bacterial conjunctivitis
                  Bacterial conjunctivitis is very contagious and can spread from person to person in many ways. These include from:
                    * Hand-to-eye contact
                    * Contact of eye with contaminated objects
                    * Sexual encounters with eye to genital contact, or vertically from mother to baby
                    * Large respiratory tract droplets
                  Alternatively, changes in the usual bacteria that live on the conjunctiva can also cause conjunctivitis.
              Allergic conjunctivitis
                  Allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious. It is common in people who have other signs of allergic disease, such as hay fever, asthma, and eczema.
          Clinical features
            Expand All
              Viral conjunctivitis
                  Depending on the cause of viral conjunctivitis, some patients may have additional symptoms or conditions, such as the following:
                    * Respiratory infections like the common cold or flu.
                    * Pharyngoconjunctivial fever – a syndrome that can produce conjunctivitis as well as a fever and sore throat, and is most commonly caused by infection with adenovirus serotypes 3, 4, and 7.
                    * Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) – a more severe type of conjunctivitis, commonly caused by infection with adenovirus serotypes 8, 19, and 37.
                    * Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis – a type of conjunctivitis that is often associated with large epidemics worldwide, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. The viruses most commonly associated with it include enterovirus 70, coxsackievirus A24, and adenoviruses.
                    * Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis – a type of conjunctivitis associated with herpes simplex virus and blister-like lesions on the skin; it may affect only one eye.
                    * Rubella and rubeola (measles) – conjunctivitis can occur with these viral rash illnesses which are usually accompanied by rash, fever, and cough.
                    About EKC‎
                        EKC causes severe inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea and can result in vision loss. It can spread by direct contact with an infected person and has been associated with equipment used during eye exams.
              Bacterial conjunctivitis
                  Signs and symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis overlap with other causes of conjunctivitis, including viral and allergic conjunctivitis, which can make diagnosis difficult.
                  Typical signs and symptoms include:
                    * Red eye
                    * Purulent discharge that causes eyelids to be matted together
                    * Chemosis
                    * Decreased vision
                    * Eyelid swelling and pain
                    Keep Reading: Types of Bacterial Conjunctivitis
        Prevention
                Preventing Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC)
                Learn how to prevent epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) outbreaks in eye clinics.
              Apr. 15, 2024
          Treatment and recovery
            Expand All
              Viral conjunctivitis
                  Most cases of acute, infectious conjunctivitis in adults are viral and self-limited; these cases do not require antimicrobial treatment. Antiviral medication may be used to treat more serious forms of conjunctivitis. This can include conjunctivitis caused by herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus.
              Bacterial conjunctivitis
                  Contact lens wearers with bacterial conjunctivitis are at higher risk of bacterial keratitis. They should be asked to remove their contact lenses; treated with topical antibiotics; and promptly evaluated by an ophthalmologist.
                    Keep Reading: How to Treat Pink Eye
        Patient counseling
        Advise patients to remain home if they have viral or bacterial conjunctivitis with systemic signs of illness, especially if they cannot avoid close contact with others. Patients may return to work or school after any indicated therapy is implemented.
        Advise patients to remain home if they have viral or bacterial conjunctivitis with systemic signs of illness, especially if they cannot avoid close contact with others. Patients may return to work or school if they receive clinician approval and after any indicated therapy is implemented.
        Counsel patients with viral conjunctivitis to prevent transmission by washing hands frequently, using separate towels, and avoiding close contact with others.
        On This Page
            * Causes
            * How it spreads
            * Clinical features
            * Prevention
            * Treatment and recovery
            * Patient counseling
          Related PagesTypes of Bacterial Conjunctivitis
          Related Pages
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        * View All
        Back to Top
            * Types of Bacterial Conjunctivitis
            * Infection Control Guidance
          View All Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
    Types of Bacterial Conjunctivitis
  April 15, 2024
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          Content Source:
        National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Division of Viral Diseases
      Related PagesTypes of Bacterial Conjunctivitis
      Related Pages
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    * View All
        * Types of Bacterial Conjunctivitis
        * Infection Control Guidance
      View All Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
  Back to Top
    Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
    Pink eye is one of the most common and treatable eye conditions. Pink eye caused by viruses and bacteria is very contagious.
    View All
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